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第四章:时态

第一节

一、动词的时态

作谓语的动词发生变化来表示行为
，状态发生的时间及进行的情况的各种形式称为时态
。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。时态和语态是英语语法的重要组成部分，也是考试必考的内容之一 。从是否跟宾语的角度来看 ，英语动词可以分为两种
，即不及物动词和及物动词
。不及物动词没有被动语态。及物动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态 。任何一个及物动词不是使用主动语态，就是使用被动语态 ，没有语态的及物动词是不存的
。时态测试实际上也同时测试语态。

二 、一般时态

一般时态表示现在
、过去或将来的动作状态或特征 。

1、一般现在时

(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的习惯性的动作或状态，或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态
，常和副词usually,often, always, sometimes, regularly, near, occasionally, every year等连用。

例：His is always like that.

例：Mr.Smith travels to work by bus every day.

史密斯先生每天乘公共汽车去上班
。

(2)在由after, until, befor, once, when, even if ,in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment以及if, unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。

例：I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

我一看见他 ，就把消息告诉他 。

(3)某些表示起始的动词
，可用一般现在时表示按规定 、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave等
。

(4)在由why, what, where, whoever, who, that,as等引导的从句中 ，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。

例：Tomorrow at this time we’ll give $500 to any one who brings him to justice.

三
、一般过去时

(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、已完成的动作或状态
，常与表示确切过去时间的词 、短语或从句连用 。

例：She didn’t look well when I last saw her.

我上次看到她时，她脸色不好
。

(2)表示过去习惯性的动作。

例：He always went to class last.

经典练习：

1
、If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she____.

A)does

B)has done

C)will do

D)would do

2、America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it_____before the West was settled.

A)could

B)was

C)would

D)did

3 、Carey didn’t go to the party last night because she_____the baby for her sister until 8:30.

A)must have looked after

B)would have to look after

C)had to look after

D)should have looked after

4、---Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in the countryside last summer?

---No,it_____for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.

A)was raining

B)would be raining

C)have rained

D)had been raining

第二节

一
、一般将来时

(1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态 。

例：I will have eggs and toast for breakfast tomorrow morning.

明天早饭我吃鸡蛋和烤面包
。

(2)几种替代形式：

1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用 ，表示准备做或即将发生的事情。

例：I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.

2)be to +v表示计划安排将要做的事 。

例：There is to be a rail strike on July 18th.

3)be about to+v表示即将发生的事情
。

例：We are about to start.

4)be due to+v表示预先确定了的、必定要发生的事。

例：His book is due to be published in October.

他的书预定10月份出版 。

5)be on the point/verge of +(v-ing)sth.强调即将发生的某种事态。

例：The country is on the verge of civil war.

这个国家就要打内战了
。

二 、进行时态

进行时态表示现在
、过去或将来一个时间点或一个时间段正在进行的动作。

1、现在进行时

(1)表示瑞正在进行的动作
，常与now, right now, at the moment, at present等连用 。

例：The telephone is ringing, would you answer it, please?

电话铃响了，请你接一下 ，好吗？

表示现阶段经常发生的动作
，常与always, continually, constantly等连用
。

例：John is always coming late.

约翰总是迟到。

经典练习：

1 、Turn on the television or open a magazine and you_____advertisements showing happy,balanced families.

A)are often seeing

B)often see

C)will often see

D)have often seen

2
、Now that we_____so far, we may as well go all the way.

A)come

B)are coming

C)had come

D)have come

3、Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they _____better health.

A)could have enjoyed

B)have been enjoying

C)had enjoyed

D)are enjoying

4 、Whenever we visited them, they_____television.

A)have watched

B)had watcded

C)watch

D)were watching

第三节

一
、现在进行时

(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情 。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词，即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词
。常用的有;go, come, leave, start, arrive,return等。

例：They are leaving for Hongkong next monty.

他们下个月去香港 。

(4)有些动词一般不能使用进行时 ，这是一类表示“感觉
”、“感情” 、“存在 ”
、“从属
”等的动词
。如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear(表示感觉的动词)；hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive(表示感情的动词)；be, exist, remain, stay, obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have, possess, own, contain, belong, consist of , form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand, know, belive, think, doubt, forget, remember(表示思考、理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，有时也可使用进行时态 。

例：Jane looks pale.What’s wrong with him?

珍妮看上去脸色苍白
，她怎么了？(look在此为联系动词)

例：Jane is looking for his books.

珍妮正在寻找她的书
。(look在此为实义动词)

二 、过去进行时

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行 ，或表示过去正在进行
，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always, continually, constantly等词连用。

例：When I called him, he was having dinner.

例：When I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

每次我去看望他 ，他总是在桌旁写着什么 。

经典练习：

1、When Mr. Delay got home after a day’s exhausting work, his wife and children_____.

A)were sleeping

B)was sleeping

C)slept

D)have been sleeping

2
、As we were cleaning the office, he_____here to work.

A)was coming

B)came

C)comes

D)is coming

3、We have done things we ought not to have done and_____undone things we ought to have done.

A)leaving

B)left

C)will leave

D)leave

4 、The goods_____when we arrived at the airport.

A)were just unloading

B)had just unloaded

C)were just being unloaded.

D)were just been unloaded

第四节

1.将来进行时

将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作
，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。

例1：What will you be doing this time tomorrow?

你明天这个时候将做什么？

例2：My brother’ll have to take care of you.I’ll call him today and he痩l be expecting you.

我的兄弟一定会关照你的
。我今天给他打个电话 ，然后他就会等你去。

2．完成进行时

完成进行时是完成时的强调形式 。

3．完成时态

完成时态表示已完成或从事的动作
，它可分为：

1) 现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用)，或者过去某一时该发生的 ，持续到现在的情况
，甚至还可能继续下去(常与for,since连用)
。

例1：He has just come back from town.

他刚从城里回来。

例2．We’ve known each other since childhood.我们从童年时代起就彼此认识了 。

注：现在完成时与与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的关系，如所发生的结果
、影响等；而一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去表示某一时刻 ，不表示与现在的关系
。

1.There seemed little hope that the explorer,____in the tropical forest,would find his way though it.

a.to be deserted

b.to have been deswrted

c.having deserted

d.having been deserted

2.I appreciated____the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

a.having been given

b.to have been givern

c.having given

d.to have given

3.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free,owing to its always____with other elements,most commonly with oxygen.

a.combined

b.having combined

c.combine

d.being combined

第五节

1.完成时态可用在下列结构中：

This(That,it)is(was )the first(second….)time+定语从句：

This(That,It)is(was) the only (last)+名词+定语从句；This (This,It)is (was)+形容词最高级+名词+定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时， 从句的谓语动词动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时
，从句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时 。

例1：This is the first time(that )I’ve drunk Californian champagne.

这是我第一次喝加利福尼亚香槟酒
。

例2：There was a knock at the door.It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

有人敲门，这是当天晚上第二次有人打扰我了。

2．过去完成时

(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况 ，这个过去的时间可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间短语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成 。

例1：When we got there the basketball match had already started.

我们到那里时
，篮球赛已经开始了
。

例2：I had finished my homework before supper.

我在晚饭前已经把作业做完了。

1.By the end of last year, I ______ in this university for ten years.

a.had work

b.was work

c.was working

d.worked

2.I decided to go to the library as soon as I ____.

a.Finish what I did

b.Finished I did

c.Would finish what I was doing

d.Finished what I was doing

第六节

1．动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望 ，预期
，意图或愿望等没有实现 。

例1：I had meant to leave to on Monday, but have stayed on.

我本来打算星期一离开，但最终还是继续留下来了。

另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：

(1)was / were+ to have done sth.

例1：We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

我们本想昨天来的 ，但我们来不了
。

(2)intended (expected, hoped, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired)+ to have done sth.

例：1I mean to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

我本想告诉你这件事
，但我忘掉了。

2.过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

(1)hardly / scarcely / barely+过去完成时(倒装形式)+when +过去时

例1：Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with.

我一到达就有新问题要处理 。

(2) no sooner+过去完成时(倒装形式)+than +过去时
。

例1：No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.

这话刚说出口，他就意识到他本该保持沉默的。

(3)by(the end of )+过去时间 ，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时 。

例1：By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.

到那年年底
，亨利已收集了一千多张外国邮票
。

1.Before the first non?stop flight made in1949, it____necessary for all planes to land for refueling.

a.would be

b.has been

c.had been

d.would have been

2.Until then, his family____from him for six month.?( CET-4 1997, 1)?

A) didn't hear

B) hasn't been hearing

C) hasn't heard

D) hadn't heard

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